World Systems Theory

Dane Fuentes Sociology 10/19/12 World System's Theory Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems theory is the theory of how multinational corporations and industrializing nations have dominated the world over the last 500 years. Wallerstein also takes a look at how â€Å"periphery† and â€Å"semi-periphery† nations have become dependent on â€Å"core nations†, due largely to their lack of varied resources and driven by the need to survive.Wallerstein goes on to explain how colonialism has been replaced by neo-colonialism, a new form of using people, land, and resources purely for economic gain. This neo-colonialism, he claims, will lead to a perpetuation of wealth and more strict ascribed statuses and global stratification. One way neo-colonialism is highly visible, is in the presence of sweat shops or maquiladoras. Maquiladoras are sweat shops that are owned by multinational corporations that are common in developing and under-developed countries.These sweat-s hops do not give their worker’s any rights. There is no job security, benefits, or retirement pensions. People work, until they can no longer work, and then perish. The worker is then replaced, possibly by his children, and the corporation moves on, never noticing the now disenfranchised worker who has to find a new means of survival and, in his desperation, perhaps turning to crime. The IMF and World Bank are two multinational corporations that also may have contributed in many ways to the massive inequality that is the global economy.These financial institutions provided aid to needy countries. However, in exchange for this aid, the IMF and World Bank asked for very strong influences in those needy countries as well as heightened interest rates on the loans themselves. The countries are then, in turn, caught in a cycle of conceding to the Banks demands and paying their national debt. Many underdeveloped countries, such as Ghana and The Philipines, cannot pay these debts, so in turn, these debts grow.At the same time, the multinational corporations are syphoning out resources due to their influence within those countries, leaving barren wastelands and poverty-stricken, disenfranchised people in their wake. Therefore, it may be seen that the multinational corporations may have sought to help these developing countries in a time of need, but in truth they were seizing an opportunity to indirectly buy the land from under the people living on it. This forms the basis of neo-colonialism.

Effect Fast Food Essay

Fast foods have become a common trend amongst many individuals. Most people would always say they don’t have time hence opt for fast foods. With the advancement of modern technology these foods are made in way that leaves questions unanswered. Despite research showing organic food such as meat and poultry serve better nutritious supplements, most people tend to rely on fast foods such as vanilla and, barbecue more so in U. S. A. (Alexander, 22). There are some negative aspects pegged to modern food production techniques in the society. Modern food production techniques are costly hence it is not convenient for poor farmers since it involves scientific knowledge. In spite of its prevalence for about in 13year in U. S. A. the debate about fast foods has taken centre stage in today’s discussion. This paper tries to stipulate the effects of fast foods that are exhibited in our contemporary society. Firstly, Modern methods also make use of machinery which is not available to every farmer in the world hence, it leaves the poor farmers out as they cannot afford the equipments required and, it also involves heavy investment especially when breeding certain crops for the sake of improving their nutritive values. In the process, various elements are introduced into them. It also builds the view in people that, only modern produced foods are good for consumption hence, the foods produced using conventional methods are, viewed to be of lesser value. Traditional farmers are therefore left out with their own produce making them to suffer economically (Schlosser, 112). It also observed that, foods produced using modern productions are also costly. However, the big question is why most people rush for them? Similarly, there is great fear in the world that genetically modified foods have immense negative health Impacts on peoples’ health. Consequently, modern food production is now focusing on safety of foods consumed by customers by introducing new techniques and, state of the art processing methods have been discovered to ensure that valuable nutrients are preserved. There is an immense focus on safety in foods being evident in the area of quality standards and safety. Safety requirements are of global significance along the whole food production line, from harvest of raw materials to storage of processed foods in homes (Wilk, 77). The key concern therefore is suppressing the growth of unwanted organisms that may spoil food. These actions have effects on the health of the society since; they eliminate the chances of food poisoning. Similarly, modern food production methods are also more focused on meeting specific dietary needs for the society. With the increased knowledge on the importance of various nutrients, diets can also be developed to meet specific need as numerous plant ingredients have already been shown to be beneficial in disease prevention. With the increasing knowledge on the importance of various nutrients, diets can be developed to meet specific needs. There is a wide range of food designed to suit the nutritional requirements of various groups such as the old, expectant or breast-feeding mothers, infants, young children and sportspersons. Such foods are characterized by a balanced composition of energy suppliers in the form of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. In addition, they have cocktails of vitamins and minerals composed according to the current state of scientific knowledge. For many elderly, they have an advantage that, the same foods may provide a balanced diet and, a sufficient supply of vitamins. Also, essential amino acids and minerals are provided without changing long standing habits. Application of modern food production methods has also proved to increase the levels of output in farms. Modern methods lead to high turnout of food production. There are several reasons for the causes of negative impacts of modern food production in the contemporary society. It is evident that, due to the high knowledge required in the production, only a few companies will be able to pool the resources and expertise to carry out the studies and production (Brown, 68). Some of these companies are unscrupulous and, will charge so much on their products since there are less competitors in the market hence, being a burden to the society as they are compelled to pay more. Also, there are other researchers who only claim to have improved a certain food in form of its nutritive value yet, it is not just to get easy money. The consumers are not aware of that hence, they end up buying the products not knowing they have been conned. In addition, lack of regulation by governments is another cause of negative impact on the health. This is because, some food producing companies will not carry out enough studies while genetically modifying some foods hence, may end up being lethal to the society’s health. However, modern foods have had numerous positive impacts. With the advancement of scientific knowledge in plants and genetic engineering, it is possible to introduce even produce allergen free plants which are safe for the society. Genetic engineering is used to produce allergens in amounts sufficient for scientific analysis. The main aim is to produce varieties which have no predominant allergens and thus accommodate even hypersensitive consumers. Also with sophisticated technological efforts, it is possible to meet safety standards while maintaining organoleptic quality. Unwanted micro-organisms in foods need moisture, neutral pH values, low salt and sugar concentration and moderate temperatures to grow. This has called for measures to be undertaken to prevent the growth of these micro-organisms even after mild processing conditions, e. g various combinations of heat and acid treatments. The use of technology on the addition of antimicrobials, magnetic field pulses or computer aided design of equipment that is easily cleaned. As heating can destroy sensitive food ingredients, e.g. vitamins, modern pulse heat treatment involves very brief heating interspersed with cooling phases. Another way to combat microbial growth is water extraction, like industrial microwave drying of fruits or spray-drying of milk. Microwave drying offers the advantage of relatively low temperatures combined with the reduction of pre-existing moisture levels resulting in preserving valuable nutrients and flavors. Nowadays, food diagnostic methods are also being employed to determine the condition of foods by checking the temperatures, acid content, presence of certain metabolic products or, the quantity and type of micro organisms in a sample of safety controls. Besides conventional practices such as physiochemical characterizations, state-of-the-art molecular genetics methods are also widely used to identify spoilage bacteria. New tests based on molecular genetics can also be used to investigate a food’s origin. Modern food production methods also act positively by improving the helpful micro organisms which contribute both to flavor and preservation of food stuffs. Low earnings among the people in the society, has led to permeation of fast foods because, low earning people mostly would prefer to purchase the fast foods rather than other foods so as to be able to pay bills. It is evident that, fast foods may at times cost lesser as compared to other healthy foods. Also, the society is not concerned in what they eat but are ready to consume the fast foods not withstanding their effects to their health (Meeks, 122). The fast food industry is experiencing a tremendous growth and success due to the changing lifestyle in the society whereby, people are no longer doing strenuous jobs so they end up preferring fast foods. It is also evident that fast foods are cheaper compared to other foods so people are inclined to buy them due to current economic situations. In conclusion, the society nowadays is a working one where people have no time to prepare food hence; they prefer to walk into fast food outlets and purchase rather than spending time cooking. The society is also experiencing changed eating habits and, people are not too much concerned with their health thus they buy fast foods. There is also a growing demand in fast foods mostly linked to the increasing population growth and also advertisements. Fast foods are also addictive and hence once one is used to them it is hard to leave.

Research in Rizals Life

An event occurs in the 19th century in Europe where it had a tremendous contribution in molding the Philippines catalyst of nationalism no less than Dry. Jose Racial. The period of 19th century, was really a well-designed era of the term nationalism. This is the time where drastic change took place placing the endeavor to equalize all men and free them from the tyranny and slavery. We see how during that time sprang from the midst of all consciousness the need liberate themselves and take a rehab from the old and messy mentality of the past that bound them.Many had taken their role in drama of transitioning the world. These thus influences to a lot of similarly idealist throughout the world. And Dry. Jose Racial is been excuse to these cause. With all the circumstances and the things He had learned and valued from Europe, had been able to formulate the formula of a lethal weapon that would conceived in the hearts and minds of his countrymen and would give birth to Nationalism thus co nsequently the doom and destruction of Spain's colonialism.Racial did make a great change in molding the nationalism of the country, not only that Racial made all the changes but also with the help of all the Filipino who take part in the revolution make changes in making this country a whole new era. Racial leaves Inspiration to many peoples, men, women and children realizes that education can also be as deadly as a bolo, Racial has become the constant model that inspires man and woman across the land to dream and work for its realization no matter the cost is brings for the sake of nationhood ND promoting the liberty for the people.He also proven education is the answer to our struggle nation. Not only Racial inspires many people but a lot of the Filipino heroes like Andrea Boniface and many others. Racal's ideas and achievement was known by all of the people in the Philippines with his great ideas and being a nationalist. Racial inspired Filipinos and shaped the importance of our national identity to nation-building. Racial, anywhere in the world, represents an intellectual and proud Filipino.Racial as Philippines' foremost national hero and the most documented Filipino hero who dedicated his life to the ideas and ideals of freedom and nationalism. Racial is worthy of emulation for his education to ideals and studies, standards of morality, actions, behavior, thinking, aims, ethics, respect for law, parent's, other people, country, and to use lives more productively. Racial had shown greatness, his greatness was manifested in many ways not only in his own country but in many foreign countries as well. Racial taught the Filipino the value of hardwood.

Entrepreneurship Research Assignment Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entrepreneurship Assignment - Research Proposal Example The primary idea would be to spread the idea to all the finishing school graduates and also ensure the very penetration of the concept deep into their minds and hearts the importance of such training and its impact. It would require wide marketing to ensure better spread of the concept. The marketing aspect would make certain quite good spread of the concept in the education arena so that the finishing school graduates, working professionals and executives would recognize the exact need for enhancing their career prospects. The primary strategy would be to market the concept to the educational departments and colleges. Seminars would be conducted at the colleges to integrate the need among the students. The very strategy to ensure appropriate degree of education for the finishing school would be detailed further in the seminar. The seminar would focus on identifying the loopholes one usually possess, some games and demo or mock interviews. This would not only focus on their strengths and weaknesses but would make a mark to make them realize their negatives. Once the concept penetration is successful, the project sails smoothly. The primary idea for making the right strategy would guarantee a better preparation for the youths to be a deployable for the industry (Reynolds, 2000). The training would ensure giving a right shape to the finishing school graduates and would ensure a better preparation for meeting up the business needs. The domain requirements are placed first but it requires to be sharpened across the edge. The communication skills enable a better shape to the graduates. The various infrastructure, faculty and resources for the purpose can be filled with a simple investment either from bank or personal resources. The marketing strategy would also go far into web marketing and ensuring a great deal of awareness. Opportunity 2: Hobbies often become extinct when a person grows up with their primary career. The little things which they pursue in their childhood is barely capitalized and simply forgotten once the monetary aspects come in the picture. The hobbies like collecting coins, playing games, writing, writing poems and singing and so many other things can often be taken up for a successful career. The idea here is to establish a stage where these small discoveries and passion would meet limelight. The concept is of an organization which would prioritize the small things rural children do as a hobby and market them widely to provide encouragement to the youngsters. Such materials like painting, crockery, utensils made of elementary stuff, making candles and writing poems are some of the things that can be put in one page for one to contribute more to it. The business idea is to put up a website to display and sell them for gathering a sum of money to contribute for the unprivileged. The rural sector is quite engaged in such things both as a passion and as a business for earning their daily food (Cooper, 2002). The idea is to organize seminars for the rural people and educate and upgrade them to learn some skills which they can excel with

Monetary policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Monetary policy - Assignment Example The implications of bank lending involve a situation whereby many bank borrowers do not have close substitutes for bank funding. This force the banks undergo challenges especially when they are monitoring their borrowers. Individuals also rely on the banks for credit and many small firms do not access to the capital. Another implication is that contractionary monetary policy reduces the quantity of reserves and deposits in the banking systems (Hammonds, 2006). In addition, banks mend their balance statement by reducing loans and securities holdings therefore, changes in bank lending has got resultant effects on investment spending small firms and debt financed spending. Consequently, the bank lending channel of monetary policy operates in a manner that if the monetary policy contracts, banks cost of refinancing increases hence lending rates also rises. High rates of interest aggravate problems of moral hazard and adverse selection. This is shown below by the following graph: In addit ion, banks cannot tell honest and dishonest borrowers apart since the mix of honest and dishonest borrowers rely on the interest rate. Therefore, at high interest rates majorly high risk borrowers come forward. In this case, increasing the loan rate may reduce bank expected profit (Haan & Eijffinger, 2005). ... What are the lessons for monetary policy from the experience of the international financial crisis? Taylor’s rules are those instrumental principles that are used to determine and formulate the right model for monetary policy that measures the output gap and measures the rate of inflation in the economy (Keel, 2012). These rules are used to determine whether the monetary policies used by various countries are tight or loose. If the monetary policies are tight then it means that financial institutions such as banks will not under go a financial crisis while when the policies are loose then they are like to cause a financial crisis. Taylor’s rule of inflation Taylor rule concerning federal funds rate since 1980 to 1992 is precisely matched by this rule: it = r* + ?T + ? (yt-y*) + ?(?t- ? T) Where by r* =equilibrium real interest rate of 2% ?T =target inflation rate of 2% (Yt-Y*)=output gap (?t -?T)=inflation gap The power of the two gaps (? and ?) is about 0.5. This model suggests that the central bank can care about output and inflation or it can use the output gap to forecast the future inflation (Jadhav, 2006). It is therefore, noted that Taylor’s rule can be used to make decisions on various economic conditions such as inflation. This model also determines whether a policy has transformed after targeting inflation or not. Open economy Taylor rules are to respond on the role of international spill over while non-linear rules are used to respond to aspects of inflation or deflation. Empirical evidence of Taylor’s rule Taylor’s principles in United States practice, have been used to inform policy decisions and therefore, not a mechanistic rule.

Effect of Reducing the Production Defective Rugs Assignment

Effect of Reducing the Production Defective Rugs - Assignment Example Also, the president wondered whether the suggested program would have the desired effect of reducing the production of defective rugs. If each employee produced about 20 rugs per month, what statistical technique would you use to help answer these questions To answer these questions, we must create and analyze an appropriate statistical model. This model should give formalized and clear description of studied random processes with the most important factors and probabilistic parameters. First of all, it is necessary to note that the proposed policy has no effect on the quality of manufactured rugs. Indeed, a non-zero () probability of producing defective rugs is caused by the defects, which are due to factors beyond employees' control. Therefore, any stimulation of employees (receiving a citation, providing parties in the honor, getting a half day off, etc.) to make no defective rugs is ineffective because of an absence of real mechanisms for quality control by employees. Let's disclose this proposition. Let the probability of producing defective rug is formed by two additive probabilities, and: Here, the probability is caused by all factors beyond employees' control, e.g. malfunctions of automated equipment facilities. Another probability is caused by factors which can be controlled by employees, e.g. managing errors or keying mistakes when operating non-automatically.

History and Organizations of Project Management Essay

History and Organizations of Project Management - Essay Example How did the PM go from 0 to the speed of light in the last few years? Well, technology has surely paved the way, but cooperation among PMs has been the key to understanding the critical need to communicate and integrate work across multiple departments and professions. One of the earliest uses of technology in the field of PM was the introduction of the Gantt Chart. This simple visual aid was introduced in 1917 while Henry Gantt studied the management of Navy ship construction during WWI (The history of project management). Gantt charts, still used today, were complete with task bars and milestone markers and were useful in the scheduling of project duration and manpower. Gantt charts remained a powerful mainstay of the PM profession and according to The history of project management have, "[...] remained virtually unchanged for nearly a hundred years.". Yet, throughout this period some other innovations were taking place. During the 1950s, the Cold War military was making huge demands on technology. Admiral Raborn of the U.S. Navy was responsible for getting the Polaris Missile program operational as quickly as possible (Theory of constraints, 2006). They turned to a man named Williard Fazar and with his help, they developed the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). PERT was an improvement on an earlier system called CPM that failed to manage random time variations that were critical to the Navy. PERT improvement was able to account for these complex variables and became a network model that allowed for randomness in activity completion times (PERT Chart, 2006). The next four decades were a little boring for Project Management. Some writers introduced radical new theories such as the 1960s book by Johnson, Kast, and Rosenzweig called The Theory and Management of Systems, which compared a modern business to a human organism (Theory of

Smart city and IT enablement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Smart city and IT enablement - Research Paper Example A smart city generally, strives towards making itself smarter in terms of efficiency, sustainability, ensuring equity and enhancing livability. Smart cities rely, among others, on the compilation of brilliant computing technologies that are applied on the significant infrastructure elements and services. Smart computing is all about a new generation of amalgamated hardware, software combined with network technologies that offer IT systems with the real time consciousness of the real world and complex analytics that assist citizens in making smart decisions, which would help them optimize their business processes (Chourabi, 2012). A development approach that is directed to a smart city includes concerns such as flexibility, awareness, synergy, transformability, a strategic conduct, some sense of individuality and a self decisiveness. A smart city denotes an interconnected, intelligent and an instrumented city. Instrumentation enhances the capturing and integration of live real world i nformation through the use of personal devices, sensors, appliances, smart phones, the internet and other comparable data acquirement systems which include the social networks (Chourabi, 2012). ... This projects and initiatives are meant to serve the citizens at large and also improve their lives. These initiatives engage multiple of stakeholders, leading to most cities developing a need to have better governance, to be able to manage the above projects and initiatives (Chourabi, 2012). Governance involves the execution of processes with components that are responsible for exchanging of information in regard to the set rules and standards in order to ensure attainment of the goals and objectives. A lot of cities have been in a position to garner the advantages of technology emergence, which has seen the improvement of their form of governance. Governance that is technology based is termed as smart governance. It is thus, a representation of a broad collection of technologies practices, policies, the social norms and all the other information that interrelate to maintain the activities of city governing. Smart governance is said to be the core of the smart cities initiative, thu s representing a vital challenge for a smart city initiative (Chourabi, 2012). How Technology Influences Efficiency in a Smart City Technology is said to be one of the key drivers of the initiative that pertains to the smart cities. The amalgamation of Technology with expansion projects altogether bring change to the urban setting of a city and thereafter, provide a range of potential opportunities that can contribute in the enhancement of management and functionality of a given smart city. The infrastructure that entails a smart city is often linked through the help of ICT that enhances a more efficient control. On the other hand, this kind of interdependence augments the rate of security risks. The

School bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

School bullying - Essay Example The types of school bullying can be multiple and usually they are classified into the three which are verbal, physical and emotional offences. As far as kids are pretty inventive, the particular actions they do in order to offend someone can be various from spreading dirty rumors to straight hitting. Although, it is important to take note of the fact that not only school students are those bullies but even teachers and parents can become stakeholders of the conflict. In fact, this tendency is rather strange because adults are expected to be rational and moral but it turns out that grown up people can often use kids in order to boost their self-esteem. Indeed the cruel treatment of peers has always been a problem of children’s communities and, perhaps, the reason for this is that in such way kids learn how to survive later in adult society. The main issue here is that bullying might become rather contradictory thing and might play a role of social identifier of stronger and weaker personalities or even work like a kind of natural selection. On the other hand the kids being treated cruelly can gain many mental traumas and complexes which afterwards will influence their social functioning or even can destroy it. It is important to note that as far as the subject of the issue is actually the bullying that happens at schools, a reasonable conclusion is that bullying doesn’t let children study normally. It turns out that the main educational function of school is being interrupted because kids are simply scared of going to schools. The reason why the bullying should be prevented is because even though it can be a part of natural selection, still we don’t live in wild environment and the traumatized kids are going to stay in our society and form it. Thus, if their amount is growing every day, it is hard to imagine what our society will look like in a decade. Recent

In What Way Did Liberal thought Reshape Our Understanding of Markets Essay

In What Way Did Liberal thought Reshape Our Understanding of Markets and Labour - Essay Example Liberalization according to Ramsay (2004) is derived from human nature whereby individuals are assumed to have inherent rights to life, liberty and property and are also considered as autonomous beings with individual interests. Liberal ideas thus emphasize equality, justice, fairness, and freedom and in economic terms, relaxation of trade restrictions to enhance trade between countries. These liberal ideas have reshaped our understanding of markets and labour over ages and given birth to the concept of a free market or capitalism. The paper will discuss how liberal thought reshaped our understanding of markets and labour. This will be achieved by explaining what the market society is, how it came about as well as the key problems that we all face today in the context of an economy in crisis. The Market Society A market society is an economic system where prices are determined by the market forces of demand and supply or the price mechanism. It is mostly referred as capitalism and is characterized by private ownership of property and exchange between legally free individuals (Muller 2002). Due to liberalization, most nations now can trade with other nations all over the world thus shrinking the world into a global village. There is also free movement of labour within and across borders leading to spread of knowledge and ideas which further commerce through innovations and inventions. Each individual in the system pursues self-interests of maximizing utility, profit, and wages. The moral worth of the society is organized around the market and the role of the state is to guard property rights (Aristotle, 1962). Montesquieu (1989) argues that the growth of commerce has made nations to be dependent on each other hence bringing peace among nations. He also criticizes state intervention in the market as it brings about poverty. In a liberal economy, people can achieve their goals as there is nothing preventing them to pursue self-interests. Poverty thus does not exis t in a market society and if it does exist, it is because the individuals do not know the comforts of life; poverty is part of liberty (338). In a market society, there is democracy based on liberal ideas of equality. All members of society thus participate in running of the state as opposed to one man’s rule such as monarchy although in some cases such as England, monarchy does exist even though the state is a free market. A market society is also characterized by competition between various producers as well as nations leading to efficiency in allocation of resources. Nations are able to produce and export whatever they can produce efficiently and import goods which are not efficient to produce due to lack of resources or suitable technology. This enables the citizens to have a greater choice of commodities at affordable prices as a result of competition. This enables individuals to exercise their liberty by having freedom of choice (Hirschman, 1977). Besides having a varie ty of choices, individuals are free to work in any country where wages are competitive and also learn new ideas from other professionals thus widening the scope of commerce .According to Hume (2006), trade enhances production of labour for particular commodities due to increased manufacturing of such items. He also argued that labour could be used to produce in plenty goods for domestic consumption if such goods don’

Discussion #4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion #4 - Assignment Example Rather, many fugitives using the underground railroad had to travel by foot from one safe house to the another until they reached a free states. The fugitives faced great dangers from the slave catchers and their masters. If they were caught using the underground railroad, they would have been subjected to the worst punishment including being killed. Also the fugitives often had to travel without food. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 also posed problems for these fugitives since they could forced to return to their master even if they were living in a free state. Despite this, slaves continued to use the underground railroad to escape. This lessened the control and power the slave masters had over their slaves. Also many of the slaves who were again to gain freedom returned to the become the voice of the oppressed. They actively protested against slavery and pressed for the abolition of slavery. These slavery were able to gain the sympathy of many white Americans who joined in with the protest to give more weight to the cause. The Underground Railroad eventually freed enough slaves to begin a civil unrest movement in the United States. It was the white Americans, seeing the conditions of the slaves, who pushed the civil war in the country. The Underground Railroad also helped in the abolition of slavery because it allowed the protestors to come together and work as a group. This group, over the course of time, became more optimistic towards the cause. By helping free thousands of slaves each year, this group was able to gain strength and fight more actively for the abolition of slavery. Also the underground railroad was responsible for the establishment of many anti-slavery organizations including the American Anti-Slavery Society. These society kept the spirit of anti-slavery active amongst its members through different publications including essays, poems and even illustrations. Many of the slaves who gained freedom also actively began their

Organization Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Organization Knowledge Essay Managing information in today’s growing world is a tedious task. With excessive amount of data coming into systems daily, it has become imperative for knowledge organizers to follow certain guidelines if they are to ensure quick and easy retrievals later on. The purpose of this paper is to explore the different techniques using which knowledge in a public library can be organized. For this purpose, I m assuming that I have been employed by a public library and have been designated the task of organizing their knowledge. Organization of knowledge in a public library is a more delicate task than organization of knowledge at any other school or college library. Fact is that there are a greater number of users in a public library with all sorts of personalities. (ALA/PLA) Students, teachers, retirees, civilians, knowledge-seekers, tourists, etc are some of the different categories of users of a public library. Since all of these categories hold different perceptions as to the organization of knowledge and would expect a different kind of classification, it is important to use standardized organization techniques to address a maximum number of users in an appealing way. Classification of knowledge is a very ambiguous job. There are no pre-defined rules or any set criteria that govern the classification of knowledge. It is to the discretion of the librarian or the manager operating in the situation to decide by them the way of organizing their knowledge. Given the task of organizing knowledge at the public library I would begin by classifying and sorting out the different books according to the subject material they deal with. For example, books on art, literature, politics, religion, music and science can all be identified into separate groups and thus can easily be sorted. This would be the preliminary and perhaps one of the most critical steps in the entire process. Having effectively carried out a thorough classification during the first process would mean simplification and reduced errors in the oncoming steps. Organization of Knowledge) The next step is to assign labels or bar tags to these bags in an intelligent manner. Books in a library need a unique identification number that comes in hand at the time of borrowing and return. These identification numbers would be distributed on the basis of their category with no discretion within each category. Since new books would be coming into the library every now and then, the identification numbers cannot follow a rule. This is because every time new book comes in, it would require other books’ labels to be re-assigned. This would not only be an impossible task, it would also negate the integrity of the data contained in the library. Therefore, it is far more important to ensure that these books are given intelligent tags identifying their category and a corresponding number so that the identification number is a composite field made up of characters and numbers. After successful grouping or rather preliminary classification of the books in the library, I would no focus on ordering the books within each subset using the alphabetical order. Alphabetical order is a very tricky pattern to follow. There is no way a strict alphabetical order can be followed. Instead the name of the book and the author’s name are both used for alphabetical ordering. For example, a book written by P. Gerrard titled â€Å"On the Economics of War† can be classified under the â€Å"P† category or the â€Å"O† category. However, it depends on the librarian as to what is considered more important for him. I, being employed in a public library, would list this book under the â€Å"P† section due to the fact that the title of the book starts with an insignificant word, in terms of a title. The word â€Å"on† has no significant literary value when expressing a book title. Thus, listing this book under the â€Å"P† category would make life easier when it comes for searching. Similarly, placing the book titled â€Å"In the Eye of the Mist† by Pete K. Moss under the â€Å"I† category would have no intelligence associated with it. Intelligent categorization calls upon this book to be placed under the â€Å"P† category owing to the first name of the author starting with this alphabet making it easier to trace this book around the library. The discretion with which similar groupings will be done depends to a great extent upon the title of the book. Unless the title of the book opens with a relatively rare word or with a noun, the categorization will be done using the name of the author. Although, this may look to b a relatively easy task to perform, it should be noted that often there are several authors of a book or either their name does not start with a single initial. Such cases are often perplexing and it creates the problem of a uniformed strategy to follow. Ensuring uniformity in the organization of knowledge means that there would be fewer chances of not finding a book in the place it was thought to be in. (Organization of Knowledge)It also makes life easy for regular users of a library. Since public libraries serve the general public, there re several reads bound to be using the library on a routine basis. Such users get accustomed to the organization technique used within a library and after a considerable amount of time spent using the library, they themselves become equipped with the knowledge of finding a book easily. Often it has been seen that such people are there helping other naive users around the library when the librarian is not around or perhaps busy with another user. Moving on, since all of the books would by now be organized in their respective categories, it would be no longer confusing as to where a particular book should be placed. (What is Knowledge Organization? ) The next step would be to ensure that these books are all fed into a centralized system along with their shelf numbers. Inputting the identification numbers would be a time-consuming task. Normally libraries have added information about books contained in a database. Inputting such information along with the identification number would mean several days’ hard work. Thus, the general recommendation is to scan the identification numbers on the book along with their location tag. The location tag is like the identification number. It informs the reader as to which shelf this book will probably be placed on. Logically numbering the shelves and then placing the correct shelf tag on the book according to its position would eliminate a great deal of manual input. Scanned data will contain the label of the book and the location. Librarians in their free time can then update their database with additional information about these books. Thus, the final step would be to correctly place these books in the shelves that have been labeled onto them. Incorrect placement of these books will result in wasted activity during the organization of knowledge steps. Thus, it is imperative to ensure that these books are placed back in their respective shelves even after they are returned by an issuer. In conclusion, I would like to assert the fact that knowledge organization is a hefty, yet significant task when it comes to using a library. The books in a library are pretty much arranged in a very logical and orderly manner. It is this fact which makes a library usable and books accessible. Online entries of the locations of books into computers also assist librarians only because they know that the proper place of that book is the one pointed out by the computer. Librarians face a tough task ahead of them when they join public libraries and attempt to organize the knowledge there.

Export Cycle Of A Shipping Line Economics Essay

Export Cycle Of A Shipping Line Economics Essay Shipping Industry has always been subject to vagaries of different factors, such as, ocean monsoon, political and economical factors etc. Nowadays when the world economy is undergoing recession, its all the more necessary to study this integral line of transportation, which connects the globe through water. The objective of the project undertaken was to study the problems of the upcountry exporters with particular reference to ICD. When in late 70s and early 80s, the concept of containerized cargo and delivery at doorstep started getting popular the world over, a need was felt to set up an Inland Container Depot to cater to the needs of trade and industry of the Northern part of India.   With this background in mind and with a view to bringing the facilities of transportation and Customs clearance of import and export cargo at the doorstep of importers and exporters, an Inland Container Depot was set up at Pragati Maidan in 1983 under the control of an Assistant Collector of Customs.   Indian Railways were nominated the custodian of the goods.   In 1984, a Container Freight Station (CFS) was also opened at Patparganj, which was an extension of ICD, Pragati Maidan, and Central Warehousing Corporation was nominated as its custodian.   This was a new experience for the trade and in dustry of North India and the institution of ICDs caught their imagination.   Soon, the importers/exporters who earlier used to clear their goods from one of the ports, started using ICD: Pragati Maidan and CFS : Patparganj for the clearance of their import and export goods.   In 1988, a public sector enterprise, M/s. Container Corporation of India Ltd. (CONCOR) was set up which took over the responsibilities of custodian from Indian Railways for ICD: Pragati Maidan.   Within a decade of its inception, the volume of work at ICD had increased to such an extent that it became difficult to handle it at Pragati Maidan.   It was then decided (in 1983) to shift the venue of ICD from Pragati Maidan to its present location i.e. at Tughlakabad.   In 1995, the CFS : Patparganj was upgraded to a full fledged ICD with C.W.C. continuing as custodian of the goods.   Movement of containers by road was also permitted in addition to the movement of containers by rail through Tughlakabad.    Almost all commodities are being imported through ICD, major items being machinery, electronic goods, plastic, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts and metal and metal scrap.   On export side major items being exported through ICD are leather garments and leather products, readymade garments, machinery, agricultural products especially rice The project was majorly focused on ICD and the problems faced by the exporters with reference to the ICD. OBJECTIVE To study the problems of the upcountry exporters with particular refrence to ICD To study the workings of the study. To study the role of ICD in India. To study the role of Multimodal Transport Operators in the International Trade transactions. METHODOLOGY DATA SOURCE: The data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected through interactive sessions with exporters importers, Export Import managers, Commercial managers, Managing Directors, General Managers, Logistics managers and Supply chain managers. Secondary data was collected from internet, EXIM newsletter, Libraries and FIEOs directory. RESEARCH APPROACH: The approach adopted was survey of exporters and interactive sessions with various people. The presidential areas that were surveyed include Okhla Industrial area, NOIDA, Udyog Vihar, and Global Business Park etc. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT: Research instruments used were interactive sessions with various executives. CONTACT METHOD: Personal interviews were used to collect information because they are more authentic and the researcher can easily know and describe the attitudinal behavior of the respondents, which cannot be done by using other survey methods LINER REPRESETATION THE LINER INDUSTRYS CHALLENGE: There is no doubt that the challenges and opportunities facing the container liner shipping business get bigger as each year passes. As the years after 1999 passed half the way the future of those companies involved in providing container transport services seemed to hinge on two massive opportunities or challenges securing cost advantage and satisfying the need of customers. The consensus is that failure to seize either or both of these opportunities will ultimately condemn carriers, whatever their specialist niche or global coverage to commercial oblivion in a trading environment that each year becomes ever more competitive. The first analysis of the containerization international, published in May 1983 entrants which do not figure in the latest 1998 ranking, are Wilhelmsen Lines, Polish Ocean Lines, Hoegh Lines and Star Shipping, all of which unlike US Lines, are still operating. Number one shipping line, Maersk was ranked fifth in 1983, Mediterranean Shipping Co., fourth in the year was nowhere to be seen. Of course, back then Nedloyd and PO (then called OCL) were listed separately, as were APL and CGM, while the companies, which have recently acquired them, respectively NOL and CMA, did not even make the top 20 in 1983. Neither did Ships, Safmarine/CMBT, nor any of the South Korean carriers. What was also different was the number of non-cellular vessels and converted to cellular ships 1983 stop carriers had deployed. Only just over half their fleet in terms of TEU capacity were purpose-built, fully cellular ships. Also, most of their ships were less than 2,000 TEU, the notable exception being those of US Lines. It had 14*4, 4,148 TEU ships in the pipeline. Capacity growth is largely attributable to expansion by leading players. For, such is the maturity of the market and so high the price of entry that the days of major new operations appearing on the scene are long since gone. The problem of underutilization of assets also exists. This problem doesnt vary only from trade to trade, but also from route segment to route segment. Similarly its impact on pricing is patchy. Container liner services rates continue to decline in real terms in many markets, despite considerable improvements in the level and range of services being offered by carriers. Some analysts suggest that rate levels will soon start to edge up in certain trades as careers seed to recoup the substantial investment they have made in vessels, boxes and information systems. It is argued that there is a limit to how long they can continue to survive in such tight margins. However, a rise in rates presupposes a level of discipline among carriers, which the industry has rarely displayed, often preferring instead to try and secure volume by buying market share. And with the conference system in terminal decline in the face of shipper and regulatory antipathy, there are few structures left to encourage price discipline with in the industry. Carriers will also continue to secure cost advantage by forming strategic alliances with other operators. Such partnerships are now a recognized means of achieving better results for carriers and their customers. On most trades such arrangements are now the norm and barring any regulatory ruling which might impede their progress they will continue to flourish. One of the advantages of such alliances is that thy enable participants o improve the coverage and service frequency they an offer their customers. Such considerations assume greater importance as lines seek to be more responsive to the needs of their customers. Increasingly operators are becoming less asset-focused and more customer-driven. This presents a host of opportunities for an industry which has only relatively recently realized it is in the service business. For the global operators the challenge is to think globally, but at the same time act locally, by providing services which are appropriate for local as well as global shipping needs. WORKINGS OF SHIPPING LINE Contract of shipment Booking space in a ship. Getting confirmation from the agent. Picking up of the cargo (according to the terms of the shipment). Warehousing, if required. The carrier issues the bill of lading when he receives the goods. Ones the ship sails the master informs the agent. Informing the principal about the shipment. Delivery according to the terms of shipment. Export Cycle Of A Shipping Line Shipping line negotiates freight terms, etc with the client and upon finalization of deal; client agrees to use MISC for export shipment. The client then approaches the Shipping Line. Operations office/counter at the ICD for the allotment of the container. Container is allotted to the client upon the presentation of a copy of shipping bill/invoice. There are three modes of operation. Factory stuffing: If the container is being taken to the factory for stuffing, the client organizes his own transportation and removes the container for house stuffing. After stuffing, the central excise puts a seal in the container and Line seal is also put by the shipper. The container is moved to ICD, where a customs inspection takes place, and after inspection Customs seal is put. After the sealing, the container moves to the railhead for further movement to Nhava Sheva. ICD stuffing: The cargo is brought to the ICD by the shipper and a container is allowed based on shipping bill a container is allotted. Cargo is stuffed at ICD and after the seals are put in the container, the container moves to the railhead for further movement to Nhava Sheva. CFS stuffing: The cargo is brought to the CFS by the shipper. After the customs formalities, the container is stuffed by the shipping line. After stuffing, a line seal and customs seal is put, and the container is moved to ICD railhead for further movement to Nhava Sheva. Many a times the shipper stuffs the container in his factory and instead of bringing it back to the ICD, hands it over directly to Nhava Sheva. Customs inspection of seal is done at Nhava Sheva. Last but not the least payment is collected from the concerned shipper. FLOW CHART OF THE EXPORT CYCLE OF A SHIPPING LINE EXPORT  ¯ FACTORY STUFFING ICD STUFFING CFS STUFFING  ¯  ¯  ¯ BROUGHT TO FACTORY FOR STUFFING BY SHIPPER CARGO IS BROUGHT TO ICD AND CONTAINER IS ALLOWED AGAINST S/B CARGO IS BROUGHT BY THE SHIPPER TO THE CFS  ¯  ¯  ¯ CENTRAL EXCISE AND LINE SEAL BY SHIPPER CARGO STUFFED AT ICD CONTAINERS STUFFED AFTER CUSTOMS FORMALITIES BY S/L  ¯  ¯  ¯ CONTAINER BROUGHT TO ICD AFTER CUSTOMS INSPECTION SEAL IS PU PUTTING OF SEALS PUTTING OF LINE CUSTOMS SEAL  ¯  ¯  ¯ CONTAINER MOVED TO RAILHEAD CONTAINER MOVED TO RAILHEAD CONTAINER MOVED TO ICD RAILHEAD ICD TUGLKABAD When in late 70s and early 80s, the concept of containerized cargo and delivery at doorstep started getting popular the world over, a need was felt to set up an Inland Container Depot to cater to the needs of trade and industry of the Northern part of India.   With this background in mind and with a view to bringing the facilities of transportation and Customs clearance of import and export cargo at the doorstep of importers and exporters, an Inland Container Depot was set up at Pragati Maidan in 1983 under the control of an Assistant Collector of Customs.   Indian Railways were nominated the custodian of the goods.   In 1984, a Container Freight Station (CFS) was also opened at Patparganj, which was an extension of ICD, Pragati Maidan, and Central Warehousing Corporation was nominated as its custodian.   This was a new experience for the trade and industry of North India and the institution of ICDs caught their imagination.   Soon, the importers/exporters who earlier used to clear their goods from one of the ports, started using ICD: Pragati Maidan and CFS : Patparganj for the clearance of their import and export goods.   In 1988, a public sector enterprise, M/s. Container Corporation of India Ltd. (CONCOR) was set up which took over the responsibilities of custodian from Indian Railways for ICD: Pragati Maidan.   Within a decade of its inception, the volume of work at ICD had increased to such an extent that it became difficult to handle it at Pragati Maidan.   It was then decided (in 1983) to shift the venue of ICD from Pragati Maidan to its present location i.e. at Tughlakabad.   In 1995, the CFS : Patparganj was upgraded to a full fledged ICD with C.W.C. continuing as custodian of the goods.   Movement of containers by road was also permitted in addition to the movement of containers by rail through Tughlakabad.   ICD : Tughlakabad (TKD) caters to the need of importers and exporters based in Northern India.   It is situated near Okhla Industrial Area and is spread over 44 hectares of land.   It has three storied Administrative block housing Offices of Customs, CONCOR, Bank, Shipping Lines, CHAs and Surveyors.   Four full length rail lines are available in the Customs area which bring the containers by train from Gateway ports such as Mumbai, Nhava Sheva, Chennai, besides bringing the containers by road from other ports such as Haldia, Calcutta and Kandla, etc.   ICD:TKD is equipped with most modern facilities such as rail mounted gantry of 40 metric empty lifting capacity, rubber tire diesel powered cranes, billoties and lift trucks, etc.   two covered sheds, one for import and another for export with a total area of 16,000 sq. mts. has been provided in the Customs area for stuffing and de-stuffing of import and export   goods.   With these ultra-modern facilities, ICD:TKD, New D elhi, has developed into the largest hub of multi-modal centre in the Indian sub-continent.   Containers meant for ICDs: Patparganj, Faridabad and Gari Harsaru are first brought at TKD by rail and then transported to their respective destinations.   Almost all commodities are being imported through ICD, major items being machinery, electronic goods, plastic, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts and metal and metal scrap.   On export side major items being exported through ICD are leather garments and leather products, readymade garments, machinery, agricultural products especially rice The ICD Tughlakabad is the largest dry port in South Asia and the leading centre for importers and exporters of the Northern Region.   This ICD began functioning at Tughlakabad in 1993, prior to which it was located at Pragati Maidan.   The Custodian of this ICD is Container Corporation of India Ltd (CONCOR), which is the Public Sector Undertaking.   CONCOR are also the carriers, through rail, of import and export containers between ICD Tughlakabad and the Gateway Ports of Mumbai, Nhava Sheva and Chennai.   This ICD is the focal Port for the ICDs at PPG,   Faridabad and Garhi Harsaru and the movement of the containers between the ICDs to and fro takes place by road.   The Customs area houses two covered Sheds, one for import and the other for exports.   The main CONCOR building houses the administrative staff of Customs and CONCOR as well as the offices of CHAs and Shipping lines.   The staff working at ICD Tughlakabad is the regular Departmental staff and not on cost recovery basis.   The traffic as well as the revenue from this port has been going up over the year which can be seen in the charts below: Containers Handled: CONTAINERIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA Worldwide, the containerization of cargo has steadily been gaining popularity because of the several advantages it provides to manufacturers and exporters. Some of these are listed below: Lower transit time Safety of cargo from pilferage and in-transit damage Ability to avoid sales tax and Octroi checks at each state border crossed. In India, however, the proportion of total internal trade that is containerized is still quite insignificant. The total annual volume of internal trade is estimated to be 650 million tonnes, of which 250 million tonnes are moved by rail and the remaining 400 million tonnes by road. The volume of containerized cargo movement is less than 5 million tonnes (of which 3-4 million tonnes are handled by the railways). There is thus substantial potential for growth in the containerization sector. CONTAINER CORPORATION OF INDIA The Container Corporation of India, or CONCOR, was established in 1987, under the Ministry of Railways. Its stated objectives were to promote containerization and thereby boost Indias domestic as well as international trade. CONCOR is the monopoly service provider for containerization via railways. Present infrastructure Since taking over the Railways container handling facilities, CONCOR has developed a vast network of container terminals at prime locations across India. It has 31 Exim terminals. While most CONCOR terminals are rail linked, road is preferred in some cases depending on local conditions. (E.g.: some hubs like Tughlakabad are fed by satellite locations like Agra and Panipat by road). Growth As a pioneer in this field of containerized transportation, CONCOR has grown impressively since it was established in1987. The cargo throughput has grown from only about 74,890 TEUs in 1990-91 to over 8,01,000 TEUs in 1998-99. In the first ten years of its existence, its throughput has seen an average growth of 20% per annum. EXIM traffic Only about 30% of port traffic originates from and terminates at places within 300 km from the port. The remaining 70% is to and from the hinterland, representing a potentially large demand for CONCORs services. CONCOR provides transport linkages between ports and the hinterland. Regular container trains are run to and from ports to CONCOR terminals in the hinterland. Some of these terminals are also served by road. Future Terminal Development plans Plans are afoot to embark on a large-scale terminal development programme. Region-wise plans have been drawn up. The 31 existing Exim terminals are to be increased to about 50 by 2002-03. CONCOR would then be located in almost all cargo receiving/generating areas of the vast hinterland. Terminals would also be expanded. Presence in the hinterland as also in the port towns would tie up both end-points of the shipment route, facilitating control over the entire logistics chain. 3800 high-speed flat wagons are being procured with the help of a US$94 million World Bank loan. These wagons will be put to use in all EXIM streams and subsequently in domestic streams. As these container trains will run at the speed of mail/express trains, the transit time between ports and hinterland will be substantially reduced. WORKINGS OF ICD IN INTRNATIONAL BUSINESS ICD is a common user facility with public utility authority status, equipped with fixed installations and offering services for handling and temporary storage of any kind of good (including containers) carried under Customs Control and with Customs and other agencies competent to clear goods for home use, warehousing, temporary admission, re-exports, temporary storage for onward transit and out right exports. Facilities at a dry port : Export and import warehouse: They are used for international trade and are located near dry ports. They are provided transit storage facilities for goods awaiting onward movement; separate provisions for break bulk, packaging inspection of goods, marking, etc. Container handling equipment for ISO container. Container yard (storage place of containers) It is provides space of offices of the shipping agents, customs clearance and freight forwarder agents, banks,road vehicles operators(transporter), packing service, consolidation service, fumigation, weightage of cargo and marshalling and train information service etc. Export procedure : Export of goods from India moving in containers is usually done through road and rail from ICD to Gateway ports. Types of shipping bill: White shipping bill (for duty free goods) Green shipping bill (for duty drawback) Blue shipping bill (for duty entitlement passbook scheme) Yellow shipping bill (for eatable goods. It depends on goods) GRI (Guarantee Remittance Forms) This is prepared in duplicate, the original is retained by the customs and the duplicate is sent to the RBI by the customs after processing of documents and finalization of shipping bill. Type of bill of entry: White bill of entry for home consumption goods. Blue bill of entry for goods are to be deposit in a customs bonded warehouse Green bill of entry fro goods are cleared from the customs bonded area Yellow bill of entry for eatable goods. Concept of customs : Custom procedure through out the world is similar so it is a valuable e source of assistance of administration involved in the modernization of National Customs Legislation. Hence allowing easy identification of out of date procedure Customs Act as a requirement for a financial guarantee to be established in the transit country by the party responsible for transit operation to meet possible claims by the customs. Customs also acts as a watchdog as it physically examines the goods being exported or imported out/in the country for their quality and also appropriateness. SHIPPING POLICY OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Globalization of trade and industrial production on the scale presently observed is not only affecting maritime transport in different ways, but has also been decisively shaped by shipping developments. Globalization in the widest sense has dramatically changed the demand for transport and related services and has forced all transportation companies to better adapt the services rendered to the requirements of the trading community. At the same time, important technological developments in maritime transport created the precondition for the expansion of world trade based on an intensified international division of labor. Changes in the provision of shipping services have been brought about by market driven forces, but their realization was largely made possible through policy reforms. Countries have relaxed or removed protective legislation and have started a process of renegotiating or renouncing bilateral agreements providing for market access restrictions. In parallel there has been a general move towards privatization of state-owned shipping companies and the opening of the market for shipping and related services to private sector competition. These policy reforms have been the more remarkable as shipping has been generally considered a strategic industry and lines a national asset. Liberalization of market access has led to increased competition among shipping lines and to greater commercial flexibility with regard to capacity management, pricing and entry into trade routes. At the same time, however, liberalization has also provided the basis for concentration processes, which perpetually chan ge the structure of the industry. A policy Environment Conducive to the Development of Shipping Markets: In order to ensure that development objectives are being met, Governments must give higher priority to transport issues, must review and revise the regulatory framework to allow greater participation of the private sector, introduce reform measures to make providers of transport service more responsive to user demands, streamline administrative procedures, introduce a system of transport performance indicators, promote the use of information technology and strengthen training programs in this sector. At the international level, it is important that policies and regulatory regimes be harmonized and Governments be assisted in devising the necessary policy measures required to ensure that transport supply capacities in developing countries be created or strengthened and to ensure that traders be placed in a position to effectively take advantage of transport opportunities offered in liberalized and globalized ocean transport markets. While general frameworks are being elaborated at the global level, it is also important that parallel efforts are pursued by governments towards market and policy reforms in the context of regional integration arrangements. Policy Principles: Problems faced by developing countries relate both to supply-side dynamics and to protection of users interests in transport markets. In many developing countries shipping and transport were considered to be strategic industries calling for public ownership in line with generally pursued economic policies. In order to increase the efficiency of the sector in general, programs of commercialization, privatization and liberalization have been set in motion. These programs are an integral part of a policy reform program which involves a shift in policies away from market access restrictions to a fleet development policy based on strengthening of commercial capabilities of national service suppliers and to support policies increasing the competitiveness of the maritime services sector. This shift is important to note, as it underlines the fact that shipping policy is not only a matter of market access policy. Market access is only one facet, with others, such as policies relating to fleet development and sector efficiency being equally important. This aspect is particularly relevant as it shows the need to complement WT O negotiations in the context of GATS. At the same time, developing countries need high-level and specific advice both in negotiating and implementing liberalization instruments. Liberalization and privatization are the two main pillars of maritime policy reform programs of developing countries. While restructuring of State-owned companies is necessary to ensure market orientation, it may not be a sufficient condition for successful privatization. Support measures need to be put in place that would give a concrete meaning to the notion of progressive liberalization. These measures would aim at improving the capabilities of developing countries operators to produce transport services and to create a level playing field enabling operators to compete successfully in the new transport markets. For developing countries to gain or to maintain a significant position as producers of transport services in a competitive environment, where ownership and nationality are o longer central elements, it is crucial, that competitive and exportable services be produced that can be offered in an increasingly international market. In order to arrive at such a situation it is essential that policies are being pursued that aim at capacity building and removing obstacles for national operators. These policies of competitiveness and thereby of raising the efficiency are intrinsically linked to liberalization processes. At the same time it is important that local suppliers benefit from an environment that creates a level playing field and gives them a reasonable chance of success. This need for a level playing field, however, is not to be confused with a call fro restrictive or discriminatory measures that would impede on the freedom of choice of the users of transport services. It does, howev er, call for a certain amount of harmonization of the administrative and regulatory environment, such as conditions for ship registration, taxation, labor movement, etc. Modern and efficient ports are necessary and powerful tools of facilitating and fostering trade and development and more so at a time of globalization of trade. Nowadays, ports must offer efficient and reliable services to ships and cargo, including communication systems, documentation and customs procedures, to allow the timely flow of goods through the transport chain. To assist in this flow, some countries have developed distribution or logistics centers in the port areas, which are used for the storage, preparation and transformation of cargo. Therefore, ports are no longer simply a place for cargo exchange but are a functional element in the dynamic logistics chains through which commodities and goods flow. An efficient transport system is also a prerequisite to attract foreign direct investment. Ports can be crucial element in developing a competitive advantage for a country and therefore Governments and port authorities need to adopt suitable port policies to allow the nation to reap this potential benefit. It is of the greatest importance that an environment is created where Governmental and intergovernmental activities on the legislative, regulatory and institutional fronts are discussed with the inputs of all users. Market Access Policies-National Policies and GATS: Maritime Transport- The successful employment of larger vessels and fleets, be they single company fleets or joint ones in the consortia or other cooperative arrangements is dependent on the existence of and the unimpeded access to sufficiently large cargo flows. Such flows rarely exist in bilateral trades but can only be assured by a mix of home and cross trades. Rationalization of services thus achieved requires planning security based, inter alia, on a predictable regulatory policy framework. A high degree of liberalization of trade in maritime services and the existence of multilateral rules establishing the framework within which lines operate are clearly in the interest of these service providers. Similarly, the extension of activities into logistics services requires access to inland transport and so-called auxiliary services, either as service providers or as users with guaranteed and unconditional access to such services, which might raise a great deal of opposition. The General agreement on Tr ade in Services (GATS) partly addresses these issues in the sectoral agreement on maritime transport. Port and Auxiliary Services: Modern and efficient ports are necessary and powerful tools for facilitating and fostering trade and development and more as at a time of globalization of trade. Nowadays, ports must offer efficient and reliable services to ships and cargo, including communication systems, documentation and customs procedures, to allow the timely flow of goods through the transport chain. To assist in this flow, some countries have developed distribution of logistics centers in the port area, which are used for the storage, preparation and transformation of cargo. Therefore, ports are no longer simply a place for cargo exchange but are a functional element in the dynamic logistics chains through which commodities and goods flow. An efficient transport system is also a pre-requisite to attract foreign direct investment. Ports can be crucial element in developing a competitive advantage for a country and therefore Governments and port authorities need to adopt suitable port policies to allow the nation to reap this potential benefit. It is of the greatest importance that an environment is created where Governmental and intergovernmental activities on the legislative, regulatory and institutional fronts are discussed with the inputs of all users. Port infrastructure developments, for example, involve a closely coordinated partnership between the private and public sectors. Governments should therefore

Employees training and development of hrm will influence the performance of an organization.

Employees training and development of hrm will influence the performance of an organization. 1. Introduction Noe(2005) states that â€Å"Training and development is including activities that help cultivate employees skills, knowledge, and abilities. Trained employees have competencies to meet the current and future needs of organization. Through the training and intervention measures, the human resources departments help organizations to establish a high-performing, active and engaged workforce†. In the business world, training and development refers to support internal human resource efficiency of extra studies education and improve the process in an organization. Due to the training and development inseparable, these two words are generally used to define employee with each other in continuously improve to achieve a series of organizational goals. If without training and development programs, organization may not be able to realize their full potential. In most organizations, training and development task is to deal with human resource management personnel. This relationship depends on everybodys communication, cooperation and clear set of job skills as defined by job descriptions among all levels of the organization. When an organizations values can make employees eager to achieve their goals, then employee development plan can be implemented to make this kind of circumstance happening (Neo, 2005). The purpose of this assignment is talking about how employees training and development of HRM will influence the performance of an organization. I am going to find out some evidences, provide literature reviews and through analysis to introduce how training and development influence organizational performance. 2. Research Question This assignment topic describes that how the employees training and development of HRM will influence the performance of an organization.Training and development are important components of human resource. This is a process in which the potential talents and skills of employees are honed and polished. The employees are trained on both the technical aspects of their jobs and on interpersonal skills. This topic let people know the employees training and development of importance in the human resource management and what relationship between training development and performance of organization is. 3. Importance of Study Training and development is structure to help employees to develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge and the abilities. For all aspects of human resource development, especially, the most superior workforce is the development, so that their organizations and individual employees can do the work goals for customer service. All employees want to be valuable at any times in the competitive labor market. This is only way can be achieved through staff training and development. All employees want to be valuable at any times in the competitive labor market. This is only way can be achieved through staff training and development. Employees always want to for improving career-enhancing skills, which will always lead to the enthusiasm and retention of the employees. there is no   doubt that a good training and development employees will be a valuable asset to the organization and Thus increasing opportunities of efficiency in performing his duties (Tobby,2011). Training can be primarily of two types in an organization: Internal and external training course. When training is the internal training, it is including that organizations internal hr department or training department is using a senior staff or any outstanding staff in specific sectors as a resource person. On the other hand external training normally conducted outside the company, mainly is organized training institutions or consultant. No matter which training, it is crucial for all staff and helps in building career positioning and preparation of staff for greater challenges (Tobby,2011). The employer should enable staff to pursue work training and development in a direction that they choose and are interested in, not just in assigned specific direction. The organizations should support the learning, in general, and not just in support of the current knowledge workers needed for the job or next expected. It should be noted that the key factor is to ensure employees engaged in the interest of, attending, and motivated and retained (Adiele, 2009). For every employee to perform well especially managers or supervisors, there is need for continued training and development. The right staff training, development and education offer big profit for the employer to the increased productivity, knowledge, loyalty, and contribution to common growth of the organization. In most cases, external training for the participants of the example provides a new way to meet people in the same field and network. The meeting will give them a chance to compare problems, find out what is to obtain the other side environment. It definitely will introduce positive changes where necessary (Adiele, 2009). 4. Literature Review 4.1 background information Noe(2005) states that â€Å"Traditionally, training and development was not considered as an activity that could help organizations to create â€Å"value† and deal with competitive challenges successfully. Nowadays, that view changed. Organizations use innovative training and development programs is likely to report better financial performance than their rivals that not do. Training and development also helps a company to meet competitive challenges. For instance, as organizations tried to put new products to market and adjust services just-in-time, employees need training and knowledge required as soon as possible delivery.† At present, training and development plays an important role in helping organizations meet some challenges. Therefore, organizations need to train employees to work with persons from different cultures both in domestic and foreign people. If the training such as Web and multimedia, these new technologies will reduce the costs associated with bringing employees to a central location for training. In homology, these training methods include the necessary conditions (feedback, practice, etc) for learning to occur. Due to the development of the internet, e-commerce has exploded on the business scene. Organizations have already recognized that training and development activities can adapt to the Internet, reducing costs and increasing their effectiveness, resulting in the development of electronic learning (Neo, 2005). Training effect has expanded beyond training program design. Effective instructional training is still important, but more and more training managers, human resource experts and training staff have been asked to create systems to motivate employees to learn, share that knowledge with other employees in the organization. Training has moved from an emphasis on a one-time event to the creation of conditions for learning that can occur through collaboration, online learning, traditional classroom training, or a combination of methods. There is increased recognition that learning occurs without a formal training course (Neo, 2005). 4.2 Key point 1 Better performance of the employees Training is a process of learning as well as the application of acquired knowledge aiming at better performance of the employees,while development involves not only in relation to the process, but also related to help employees in establishing their personality, at the same time as, improve their progress to realize their full potentials. Training and development programs bring a huge change in terms of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of employees. Because of these programs, the employees are not only familiar with what is expected of them and how they need to enhance their skills and abilities, but also it is a way to complete the entire organization development, effectiveness and efficiency in a desired manner. The major advantages of Training and development programs are the employees who are not trained need more supervision than those who are trained.An employee will gains new knowledge, skills and attitudes and applies them in their work situations.Training is a kind of method to build up confidence among the employees, so that they dont have any obstruction to operate their tasks. The purpose of this program is to save money, because the organization is likely to bear heavy expenditure on hiring new employees.This is also one of the best ways to expand the span of management. 4.3 Key point 2 Benefits for both the organization and employees The benefits of Training are intangible and it is good for both sides that the organization and employees for long-term investment in training. Training enhances the employees level of skills. It provides sense of satisfaction; this is a kind of inner motivation. The training also provides a variety of sills employees. Training increases the employees commitment to their job and their organization. It is better understanding of jobs reduces accidents (Ansar, 2009). The one of the most important benefits of an organizational training is that it provides skills within the organization to reduce comprehensive cost of the organizational operations. Quality is one of the key factors needed for survival of an organization in long term interests. Total Quality Management (TQM) and other quality management techniques require employees training as an important requisite for its successful implementation (Ansar, 2009). 4.4 Key point 3 Competitive lead To achieve competitive advantage from the organizational training and development, training and development department help remove insufficient or performance deficiencies in employee. It   is particularly true when (1) the deficiency is caused by a lack of ability rather than a lack of motivation to perform, (2) the individual(s) involved have the aptitude and motivation need to learn how to do the job better, and (3) supervisors and peers are supportive of the desired behaviors (Kumar, 2011). An organizational training and development pays dividends to the employee and the organization. Although there are no single training program benefits, the organization committed to improve its training and development to enhance its human resource capabilities and strengthens its competitive advantages. Meanwhile, the employees personal and career goals are furthered, generally adding to his abilities and value to the employer. Ultimately, the objectives of the human resource department are also furthered (Kumar, 2011). 4.5 Summary of Literature Review Training and development is a very perfect way to improve the competitiveness of an organization. It also enhances the employees skills, abilities and many other aspects. Actually, both of employees and organization obtain the benefits. Training and development program is one of the best ways to expand the span of management. It is also to save money for organization. 5. Analysis 5.1 Analysis for point1 Well-trained, skilled employees are far better than those without training, and they have better careers prospects. They will become competent and perform their assigned task independently. For example, once an untrained employee asked his friend who was trained, â€Å"I dont think training program is of any value. After all what you learn by it? † He replied, â€Å"We are trained even how to ask questions and the art of effective communication which you seem to be lacking.†In fact, its interesting example, but it reveals the fact as training is covered all necessary skills of the employees required in the workplace while motivating them to work in a desired and capable way (zeromillion.com, 2011). Internal training provides the accurate positioning and demand with satisfaction of those needs then interwoven into current processes and workflow. When a new problem or aspect of work is identified, training and development provides prompt development of the employee skills needed to master this process. Besides that, the training and development gives instructional staff opportunity for immediate correction of employee with mistakes in the workplace, immediate review, and more trainings identification. When training and development results have better effect, employees tend to display a greater sense of ownership and pride in their work. This can help organization to increasing productivity and efficiency, at same time, job satisfaction also increases.   Employees who are satisfied in their work are more likely to redouble their efforts and be more valuable to the company, which will in turn, put the organization in a stronger position (zeromillion.com, 2011). 5.2 Analysis for point 2 Customer satisfaction increases repeat business,this is a key to success.Training will promote good customer relations and according to training, organization will increase customer satisfaction and quality of service.â€Å"Just In Time† emphasize on waste reduction and production process of waiting time.Better training will reduce waste and machine down time. A major part of quality costs by supervision; by providing appropriate training this is reduced. Training improves productivity of employees and processes (Ansar, 2009). High staff turnover may be a serious threat to existence of an organization,training can reduce staff turnover and help an organization to retain its staff. Better training can make an organization more competitive in business market (Ansar, 2009). In a service industry organization main source of income is its employees professional knowledge and the skills, grasping professional with high skills is relatively expensive than training current employees to acquire those skills. Training is also a key requirement for new entry requirements; appropriate training helps them to understand their position, its requirements and responsibilities. Training will also increase the understanding organizational culture (Ansar, 2009). Training programs increases communication between different levels of an organization.Any shortage in processes and working were canceled and those close to production processes become involve in the management.Employees empowerment is a recent trend in management (Ansar, 2009). 5.3 Analysis for point 3Competitive lead There is greater flexibility, capacity, stability and for growth in an organization.Training provides employees at least in the stability of two aspects.Trained employees become efficient.Efficient employees contribute to the organization, especially when growth.In addition, well-trained employees tend to stay in the organization. They rarely left the organization.All generalists can be transferred to any job.Therefore flexibility is ensured.Growth indicates prosperity, which is reflected in increased profits from year to year.Who else but well-trained employees can contribute to the prosperity of an organization?According to training and development, accidents, scrap and damage to machinery and equipment can be avoided or minimized.Even complaints, absenteeism, dissatisfaction and turnover can be reduced if employees are trained well. Because of training and development programs, the future needs of employees will get satisfaction.Training serves as an effective source of recruitmen t. Training is an investment in human resources with a promise of better returns in future. Thus, organizations can get more competitive though the training and development (Kumar, 2011). 5.4 Summary of analyses They will become competent and perform their assigned task independently. Training can reduce staff turnover and help an organization to retain its staff. Better training can make an organization more competitive in business market. Trained employees become efficient.Efficient employees contribute to the organization. Finally, training and development can bring a lot of benefits to both of organization and employees. 6. Conclusion Recommendation 6.1 Conclusion In conclusion, we all know that training and development programs are important for an organization to develop the employee. When a child was born he required constant touch of parents till he stood on his own feet.An organization though flowered by creams of the society, still training is required due to rapid technological up gradation and change in working methods every day. Training aims at continued self-development of the employees. Employees are expected to develop themselves continuously in an organization. When the employees in an organization are developed from time to time with all updated knowledge, then definitely that organization will grow to a greater height. 6.2 Recommendation Both employees and companies are concerned with developing future skills and managing careers. Companies want a work force that is motivated and productive, has up-to-date skills, and can quickly learn new skills to meet changing customer needs. Employees want to develop skills that not only are useful for their current jobs but also are congruent with their personal interests and values. Employees are interested in developing skills that can help them remain employable with either their current employer or a future one. Given the increasing time demands of work, employees are also interested in maintaining balance between work and nonworking interests.

Medea a Mad Bitter Woman in Medea :: essays research papers

Medea is a story about love, passion, fear, and most importantly revenge. Throughout the story the reader witnesses a odd connection between Medea and Jason, they are both quarrelsome, surreptitious, and vigilantes. The characters, Medea and Jason, share many similar traits that they do not even notice mainly because they are both so egotistical. These connection are what really makes the story prominent. In the story, Medea and Jason are seen fighting in numerous occasions. This quarrelsomeness starts when Jason states, ?You could have stayed in Corinth, still lived in this house,/ if you had quietly accepted the decisions? (p.854 lines 406-407). Jason obviously could have stated the obvious in a more pleasant manner, but due to his inability to reason he unflinchingly states the situation extremely blunt. Jason's quarrelsome side is also seen numerous times later in the story, especially when he is talking to Medea. Jason remarks one time to Medea that she has ?everything to gain? if she just ?give up this rage?, this too, like the other comment, is unnecessary and only stated to invoke anger and create more drama. (p.858 line 561). Although Jason is seen, to many people, as the evil villain, Medea also has a little quarrel side to herself as well. After being verbally suppressed Medea is seen telling Jason that he has a ?disease? but not just any one ?The worst man can have, pure shamelessness?(p.855 line 427). Although Medea's comment was not as hurtful, it was still directed to Jason for the main purpose of creating a squabble. The altercations in the story make the story very enjoyable to read. Readers like drama and unexpected outcomes and when a character is pushed far enough and verbally abused enough the unexpected is expected. Arguments generally lead to other mischievous and surreptitious actions by characters, this is true for both Jason and Medea. Although Jason's actions were before the story when he ?betrayed/ his own sons, and my [the nurse's] mistress? by sleeping with, and later marrying, princess Glauce. Medea's actions are seen through the story (p.845 lines 16-17). Medea states, ?I'll carry out/ this murder cunningly and quietly? when referencing the future subtle killings of her children and Jason's new wife (p. 853 lines 353-354). Medea is later seen setting her plans up by tricking Jason into believing that she is fine with his decision by stating, ? Medea a Mad Bitter Woman in Medea :: essays research papers Medea is a story about love, passion, fear, and most importantly revenge. Throughout the story the reader witnesses a odd connection between Medea and Jason, they are both quarrelsome, surreptitious, and vigilantes. The characters, Medea and Jason, share many similar traits that they do not even notice mainly because they are both so egotistical. These connection are what really makes the story prominent. In the story, Medea and Jason are seen fighting in numerous occasions. This quarrelsomeness starts when Jason states, ?You could have stayed in Corinth, still lived in this house,/ if you had quietly accepted the decisions? (p.854 lines 406-407). Jason obviously could have stated the obvious in a more pleasant manner, but due to his inability to reason he unflinchingly states the situation extremely blunt. Jason's quarrelsome side is also seen numerous times later in the story, especially when he is talking to Medea. Jason remarks one time to Medea that she has ?everything to gain? if she just ?give up this rage?, this too, like the other comment, is unnecessary and only stated to invoke anger and create more drama. (p.858 line 561). Although Jason is seen, to many people, as the evil villain, Medea also has a little quarrel side to herself as well. After being verbally suppressed Medea is seen telling Jason that he has a ?disease? but not just any one ?The worst man can have, pure shamelessness?(p.855 line 427). Although Medea's comment was not as hurtful, it was still directed to Jason for the main purpose of creating a squabble. The altercations in the story make the story very enjoyable to read. Readers like drama and unexpected outcomes and when a character is pushed far enough and verbally abused enough the unexpected is expected. Arguments generally lead to other mischievous and surreptitious actions by characters, this is true for both Jason and Medea. Although Jason's actions were before the story when he ?betrayed/ his own sons, and my [the nurse's] mistress? by sleeping with, and later marrying, princess Glauce. Medea's actions are seen through the story (p.845 lines 16-17). Medea states, ?I'll carry out/ this murder cunningly and quietly? when referencing the future subtle killings of her children and Jason's new wife (p. 853 lines 353-354). Medea is later seen setting her plans up by tricking Jason into believing that she is fine with his decision by stating, ?

Murray Siskind: Wise Man Or Raving Mad? Essay -- essays research paper

Is Murray Siskind a raving lunatic or a wise, but somewhat eccentric man? Does he ever have a point, or is he just mindlessly rambling? He’s neither of those things. The first impression he gives is of someone who’s in between, but that proves not to be the case. He’s actually a very cunning man, one who has become the â€Å"devil† voice of Jack Gladney’s conscience. Eventually he’d like to become Jack. He covets not only his position and standing in the university, but also his wife, Babette, and he makes no secret of it. Why else would he do something to lewd as to sniff her hair and grope her the way he does? He tells Jack that the only way to seduce a woman is with clear and open desire. Well, it don’t get no clearer than that. All those things become apparent later on. First, we find out who Murray Jay Siskind is. He’s an ex-sportswriter from New York. He’s Jewish. He was briefly married once during his sportswriter days. We know he is now a visiting lecturer on â€Å"living icons† at College-on-the-Hill. Physically, he is â€Å"a stoop shouldered man with little round glasses and an Amish beard† (DeLillo 10). He’s hairy, but does not have a moustache, only a beard. He dresses almost entirely in corduroy. He likes his men simple and his women complicated. He â€Å"is trying to develop a vulnerability that women will find attractive† (DeLillo 21), but so far has only managed to create sneaky and lecherous expression. For him, sex seems very matter-of-fact, like a business transaction. Just flat out lust. He even reads a magazine called American Transvestite. Murray is, by his own admission, â€Å"a solitary crank who marrons himself with a TV set and dozens of stacks of dust-jacketed comic books† (DeLillo 52). He shares a house across the street from an insane asylum with boarders who seem like they ought to be confined there too. Not that he minds, though. He’s â€Å"totally captivated and intrigued †¦ totally enamored of †¦ the small town setting† (DeLillo 10). At first, Murray seems like a deep person with interesting quirks (he takes pleasure in sniffing food labels in the supermarket). He’s deeper than the other pop culture professors who read nothing but cereal boxes and have food fights while discussing the culture of public toilets and reminiscing where they were when James Dean died. Murray has theories. Lots of theories. In an odd way, some of them make sense. For exa... ...mps out the fragments of Jack’s mind and fills it with his own devious thoughts. Jack is not a killer, and under normal circumstances Jack would never have been a killer. Murray is a killer, if just psychologically. He proves it once and for all when he forces Jack to â€Å"elicit the truths [he] already possess† (DeLillo 293), that a dier can become a killer. He disguises himself - â€Å"I’m only a visiting lecturer. I theorize, I take walks, I admire trees and houses† (DeLillo 293), and prefaces nearly every sentence with â€Å"in theory† or â€Å"theoretically† but he knows what the outcome will be. When Jack shoots Willie Mink, Murray is as guilty as if he pulled the trigger himself. Murray probably hoped Jack would be sent to prison for shooting Willie, freeing up Babette for himself. I stated in the beginning that Murray was cunning. People who are cunning possess a strong ability to mesmerize and manipulate. They can, on some levels, seem very logical. Hitler is often described as a cunning man. Murray is not wise. Murray is bad. He manipulated minds, he played with peoples’ lives. In hindsight none of it worked out in his favor, but that doesn’t change that facts. It was an evil thing to do.

We Must Fight Eating Disorders and Low Self-esteem Essay -- media and

Some people observe negative images of themselves whilst gazing back in the mirror because of subliminal advertising, mental health, and unconscious habits. The individuals staring back from the mirror at them are not real. Often times society disregards reality that no one possesses the perfect body because everyone is unique. Unfortunately, people who experience body dissatisfaction have a hard time grasping this concept of everyone being unique; consequently, they participate in life threatening problematic solutions to achieve their desired body. Eating disorders are abnormal eating habits because of the preoccupation with food and weight management (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2005). People with eating disorders have compulsions with the need to be ultra thin involving excessive or insufficient food intakes that become detrimental to an individual's physical, social and emotional health. Though eating disorders were rare until the early twentieth century, they certainly existed beforehand in the twelfth century. Eating disorders in the twelfth century have many similarities and differences of eating disorders today. Between the twelfth and thirteen centuries eating disorders originated from Catherine of Siena, who started a massive fast and cut her hair in order to make a statement. Through her lifestyle change she made a statement that Christ should be the center of one's life and cutting off her hair was a protest against â€Å"being overly encouraged to improve appearance in order to attract a husband† (Deans, 2011). Who knew fasting would evolve from a religious practice meant to stimulate a covenant relationship with the Lord, into a life threatening practice to lose weight. For instance, in the 1800s eating disorders began af... ...rstanding eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating (2008). U.S national library of medicine. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/spring08/articles/spring08pg17-19.html Verplanken, B., & Velsvik, R.. Habitual negative body image thinking as psychological risk factor in adolescents . ScienceDirect.com | Search through over 11 million science, health, medical journal full text articles and books. Retrieved October 15, 2013, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740144507001180#bib30?np=y doi:10.1016.2007.11.001 What can you do to help prevent eating disorders? | What can you do to help prevent eating disorders? | National Eating Disorders Association. Retrieved November 16, 2013, from http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/what-can-you-do-help-prevent-eating-disorders